Description
Table of Contents
1 Mass Communication: A Critical Approach
Culture and the Evolution of Mass Communication
Oral and Written Eras in Communication
The Print Revolution
The Electronic Era
The Digital Era
The Linear Model of Mass Communication
A Cultural Model for Understanding Mass Communication
The Development of Media and Their Role in Our Society
The Evolution of Media: From Emergence to Convergence
Media Convergence
Stories: The Foundation of Media
Media Stories in Everyday Life
Agenda Setting and Gatekeeping
Surveying the Cultural Landscape
EXAMINING ETHICS Covering War and Displaying Images
Culture as a Skyscraper
Culture as a Map
Cultural Values of the Modern Period
Shifting Values in Postmodern Culture
Critiquing Media and Culture
Media Literacy and the Critical Process
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS
Benefits of a Critical Perspective
CHAPTER REVIEW
LaunchPad
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PART 1: DIGITAL MEDIA AND CONVERGENCE
2 The Internet, Digital Media, and Media Convergence
The Development of the Internet and the Web
The Birth of the Internet
The Net Widens
The Commercialization of the Internet
Social Media and Democracy
EXAMINING ETHICS Social Media Fraud and Elections
Convergence and Mobile Media
Media Converges on Our PCs and TVs
Mobile Devices Propel Convergence
The Impact of Media Convergence and Mobile Media
The Next Era: The Semantic Web
The Economics and Issues of the Internet
Ownership: Controlling the Internet
Targeted Advertising and Data Mining
GLOBAL VILLAGE Designed in California, Assembled in China
Security: The Challenge to Keep Personal Information Private
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Note to Self for Healthy Digital Consumption
Appropriateness: What Should Be Online?
Access: The Fight to Prevent a Digital Divide
Net Neutrality: Maintaining an Open Internet
Net Neutrality
Alternative Voices
The Internet and Democracy
CHAPTER REVIEW
LaunchPad
3 Digital Gaming and the Media Playground
The Development of Digital Gaming
Mechanical Gaming
The First Video Games
Arcades and Classic Games
Consoles and Advancing Graphics
Gaming on PCs
Portable Players
The Internet Transforms Gaming
MMORPGs, MOBAs, Virtual Worlds, and Social Gaming
Gaming Apps
The Media Playground
Video Game Genres
Communities of Play: Inside the Game
Communities of Play: Outside the Game
GLOBAL VILLAGE Phones in Hand, the World Finds Pokémon (and Wizards)
Trends and Issues in Digital Gaming
Electronic Gaming and Media Culture
Video Games at the Movies
Electronic Gaming and Advertising
Addiction and Other Concerns
Examining Ethics The Gender Problem in Digital Games
Regulating Gaming
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS First-Person Shooter Games: Misogyny as Entertainment?
The Future of Gaming and Interactive Environments
The Business of Digital Gaming
The Ownership and Organization of Digital Gaming
The Structure of Digital Game Publishing
Selling Digital Games
Alternative Voices
Digital Gaming, Free Speech, and Democracy
CHAPTER REVIEW
LaunchPad
PART 2: Sounds and Images
4 Sound Recording and Popular Music
The Development of Sound Recording
From Cylinders to Disks: Sound Recording Becomes a Mass Medium
From Phonographs to CDs: Analog Goes Digital
Convergence: Sound Recording in the Internet Age
Recording Music Today
The Rocky Relationship between Records and Radio
U.S. Popular Music and the Formation of Rock
The Rise of Pop Music
Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay
Rock Muddies the Waters
Battles in Rock and Roll
A Changing Industry: Reformations in Popular Music
The British Are Coming!
Motor City Music: Detroit Gives America Soul
Folk and Psychedelic Music Reflect the Times
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Music Preferences across Generations
Punk and Indie Respond to Mainstream Rock
Hip-Hop Redraws Musical Lines
The Reemergence of Pop
The Business of Sound Recording
Music Labels Influence the Industry
Making, Selling, and Profiting from Music
GLOBAL VILLAGE Latin Pop Goes Mainstream
Alternative Strategies for Music Marketing
Examining Ethics The Music Industry’s Day of Reckoning
Alternative Voices
Streaming Music Videos
Sound Recording, Free Expression, and Democracy
CHAPTER REVIEW
LaunchPad
5 Popular Radio and the Origins of Broadcasting
Early Technology and the Development of Radio
Maxwell and Hertz Discover Radio Waves
Marconi and the Inventors of Wireless Telegraphy
Wireless Telephony: De Forest and Fessenden
Regulating a New Medium
The Evolution of Radio
Building the First Networks
Sarnoff and NBC: Building the “Blue” and “Red” Networks
Government Scrutiny Ends RCA-NBC Monopoly
CBS and Paley: Challenging NBC
Bringing Order to Chaos with the Radio Act of 1927
The Golden Age of Radio
Radio Reinvents Itself
Transistors Make Radio Portable
The FM Revolution and Edwin Armstrong
The Rise of Format and Top 4 Radio
Resisting the Top 4
The Sounds of Commercial Radio
Format Specialization
Examining Ethics How Did Talk Radio Become So One Sided?
Nonprofit Radio and NPR
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Comparing Commercial and Noncommercial Radio
New Radio Technologies Offer More Stations
Going Visual: Video, Radio, and the Web
Radio and Convergence
GLOBAL VILLAGE Radio Stories from Around the World
Radio: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
The Economics of Broadcast Radio
Local and National Advertising
Manipulating Playlists with Payola
Radio Ownership: From Diversity to Consolidation
Alternative Voices
Radio and the Democracy of the Airwaves
CHAPTER REVIEW
LaunchPad
6 Television and Cable: The Power of Visual Culture
The Origins and Development of Television
Early Innovations in TV Technology
Electronic Technology: Zworykin and Farnsworth
Controlling Content—TV Grows Up
The Development of Cable
CATV—Community Antenna Television
The Wires and Satellites behind Cable Television
Cable Threatens Broadcasting
Cable Services
DBS: Cable without Wires
GLOBAL VILLAGE Telling and Selling Stories around the World
Technology and Convergence Change Viewing Habits
Television Networks Evolve
Home Video
The Third Screen: TV Converges with the Internet
Fourth Screens: Smartphones and Mobile Video
EXAMINING ETHICS #MeToo and TV Station Policy
Major Programming Trends
TV Entertainment: Our Comic Culture
TV Entertainment: Our Dramatic Culture
Television Drama: Then and Now
TV Information: Our Daily News Culture
Reality TV and Other Enduring Genres
Public Television Struggles to Find Its Place
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS TV and the State of Storytelling
Regulatory Challenges to Television and Cable
What Makes Public Television Public?
Government Regulations Temporarily Restrict Network Control
Balancing Cable’s Growth against Broadcasters’ Interests
Franchising Frenzy
The Telecommunications Act of 1996
The Economics and Ownership of Television and Cable
Production
Distribution
Syndication Keeps Shows Going and Going . . .
Measuring Television Viewing
The Major Programming Corporations
Alternative Voices
Television, Cable, and Democracy
CHAPTER REVIEW
LaunchPad
7 Movies and the Impact of Images
Early Technology and the Evolution of Movies
The Development of Film
The Introduction of Narrative
The Arrival of Nickelodeons
The Rise of the Hollywood Studio System
Production
Distribution
Exhibition
The Studio System’s Golden Age
Hollywood Narrative and the Silent Era
The Introduction of Sound
The Development of the Hollywood Style
Breaking Barriers with 12 Years a Slave
Outside the Hollywood System
Examining Ethics Breaking through Hollywood’s Race Barrier
GLOBAL VILLAGE Beyond Hollywood: Asian Cinema
The Transformation of the Studio System
The Hollywood Ten
The Paramount Decision
Moving to the Suburbs
Television Changes Hollywood
Hollywood Adapts to Home Entertainment
The Economics of the Movie Business
Production, Distribution, and Exhibition Today
The Major Studio Players
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS The Blockbuster Mentality
Convergence: Movies Adjust to the Digital Turn
Alternative Voices
Popular Movies and Democracy
More Than a Movie: Social Issues and Film
CHAPTER REVIEW
LaunchPad
PART 3: Words and Pictures
8 Newspapers: The Rise and Decline of Modern Journalism
The Evolution of American Newspapers
Colonial Newspapers and the Partisan Press
The Penny Press Era: Newspapers Become Mass Media
The Age of Yellow Journalism: Sensationalism and Investigation
Competing Models of Modern Print Journalism
“Objectivity” in Modern Journalism
Interpretive Journalism
Literary Forms of Journalism
Contemporary Journalism in the TV and Internet Age
Newspapers and the Internet: Convergence
The Business and Ownership of Newspapers
Consensus versus Conflict: Newspapers Play Different Roles
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Covering the News Media Business
Newspapers Target Specific Readers
Newspaper Operations
Examining Ethics Alternative Journalism: The Activism of Dorothy Day and I. F. Stone
Newspaper Ownership: Chains Lose Their Grip
Joint Operating Agreements Combat Declining Competition
Challenges Facing Newspapers Today
Readership Declines in the United States
GLOBAL VILLAGE Newspaper Readership across the Globe
Going Local: How Small and Campus Papers Retain Readers
Community Voices: Weekly Newspapers
Convergence: Newspapers Struggle in the Move to Digital
New Models for Journalism
Alternative Voices
Newspapers and Democracy
CHAPTER REVIEW
LaunchPad
9 Magazines in the Age of Specialization
The Early History of Magazines
The First Magazines
Magazines in Colonial America
U.S. Magazines in the Nineteenth Century
National, Women’s, and Illustrated Magazines
The Development of Modern American Magazines
Social Reform and the Muckrakers
The Rise of General-Interest Magazines
Examining Ethics The Evolution of Photojournalism
The Fall of General-Interest Magazines
Convergence: Magazines Confront the Digital Age
The Domination of Specialization
Magazine Specialization Today
Men’s and Women’s Magazines
GLOBAL VILLAGE Cosmopolitan Style Travels the World
Sports, Entertainment, and Leisure Magazines
Magazines for the Ages
Elite Magazines
Media Literacy and the Critical Process Uncovering American Beauty
Minority-Targeted Magazines
Supermarket Tabloids
The Organization and Economics of Magazines
Magazine Departments and Duties
Narrowcasting in Magazines
Major Magazine Chains
Alternative Voices
Magazines in a Democratic Society
CHAPTER REVIEW
LaunchPad
1 Books and the Power of Print
The History of Books, from Papyrus to Paperbacks
The Development of Manuscript Culture
The Innovations of Block Printing and Movable Type
The Gutenberg Revolution: The Invention of the Printing Press
The Birth of Publishing in the United States
Modern Publishing and the Book Industry
The Formation of Publishing Houses
Types of Books
EXAMINING ETHICS Contemporary Politics Revives Interest in Classic Novels
Trends and Issues in Book Publishing
Based On: Making Books into Movies
Influences of Television and Film
Audio Books
Convergence: Books in the Digital Age
Preserving and Digitizing Books
Censorship and Banned Books
GLOBAL VILLAGE Buenos Aires, the World’s Bookstore Capital
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Banned Books and “Family Values”
The Organization and Ownership of the Book Industry
Ownership Patterns
The Structure of Book Publishing
Selling Books: Book Superstores and Independent Booksellers
Selling Books Online
Alternative Voices
Books and the Future of Democracy
CHAPTER REVIEW
LaunchPad
PART 4: The Business of Mass Media
11 Advertising and Commercial Culture
Early Developments in American Advertising
The First Advertising Agencies
Advertising in the 18 s
Promoting Social Change and Dictating Values
Early Ad Regulation
The Shape of U.S. Advertising Today
The Influence of Visual Design
Types of Advertising Agencies
The Structure of Ad Agencies
Trends in Online Advertising
Advertising in the Digital Age
Persuasive Techniques in Contemporary Advertising
Conventional Persuasive Strategies
The Association Principle
Advertising as Myth and Story
Product Placement
EXAMINING ETHICS Do Alcohol Ads Encourage Binge Drinking?
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS The Branded You
Commercial Speech and Regulating Advertising
Critical Issues in Advertising
Advertising and Effects on Children
GLOBAL VILLAGE Smoking Up the Global Market
Watching Over Advertising
Alternative Voices
Advertising, Politics, and Democracy
Advertising’s Role in Politics
The Future of Advertising
CHAPTER REVIEW
LaunchPad
12 Public Relations and Framing the Message
Early Developments in Public Relations
P. T. Barnum and Buffalo Bill
Big Business and Press Agents
The Birth of Modern Public Relations
The Practice of Public Relations
Approaches to Organized Public Relations
Performing Public Relations
EXAMINING ETHICS Public Relations and “Alternative Facts”
GLOBAL VILLAGE Public Relations and Bananas
Public Relations Adapts to the Internet Age
Public Relations during a Crisis
Tensions between Public Relations and the Press
Elements of Professional Friction
Give and Take: Public Relations and Journalism
Shaping the Image of Public Relations
Alternative Voices
Public Relations and Democracy
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS The Invisible Hand of PR
CHAPTER REVIEW
LaunchPad
13 Media Economics and the Global Marketplace
Analyzing the Media Economy
The Structure of the Media Industry
The Business of Media Organizations
EXAMINING ETHICS Are the Big Digital Companies Too Big?
The Transition to an Information Economy
From Regulation to Deregulation
Media Powerhouses: Consolidation, Partnerships, and Mergers
Business Tendencies in Media Industries
Economics, Hegemony, and Storytelling
Specialization, Global Markets, and Convergence
The Rise of Specialization and Synergy
Disney: A Postmodern Media Conglomerate
Disney’s Global Brand
Global Audiences Expand Media Markets
The Internet and Convergence Change the Game
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Cultural Imperialism and Movies
Social Issues in Media Economics
The Limits of Antitrust Laws
GLOBAL VILLAGE China’s Dominant Media Corporations Rival America’s
The Impact of Media Ownership
The Fallout from a Free Market
Cultural Imperialism
The Media Marketplace and Democracy
The Effects of Media Consolidation on Democracy
The Media Reform Movement
CHAPTER REVIEW
LaunchPad
PART 5: Democratic Expression and the Mass Media
14 The Culture of Journalism: Values, Ethics, and Democracy
Modern Journalism in the Information Age
What Is News?
Values in American Journalism
GLOBAL VILLAGE News Bias around the Globe
Ethics and the News Media
Ethical Predicaments
Resolving Ethical Problems
Reporting Rituals and the Legacy of Print Journalism
Focusing on the Present
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Telling Stories and Covering Disaster
Relying on Experts…Usually Men
Balancing Story Conflict
Acting as Adversaries
Journalism in the Age of TV and the Internet
Differences between Print, TV, and Internet News
Pundits, “Talking Heads,” and Politics
Convergence Enhances and Changes Journalism
The Contemporary Journalist: Pundit or Reporter?
The Power of Visual Language
Alternative Models: Public Journalism and “Fake” News
The Rise and Decline of the Public Journalism Movement
The Shifting Meanings of “Fake” News and the Rise of Satiric Journalism
Democracy and Reimagining Journalism’s Role
Social Responsibility
Deliberative Democracy
A Lost Generation of Journalists
EXAMINING ETHICS WikiLeaks, Secret Documents, and Good Journalism
CHAPTER REVIEW
LaunchPad
15 Media Effects and Cultural Approaches to Research
Early Media Research Methods
Propaganda Analysis
Public Opinion Research
Social Psychology Studies
Marketing Research
Research on Media Effects
Early Theories of Media Effects
Media Effects Research
Conducting Media Effects Research
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Wedding Media and the Meaning of the Perfect Wedding Day
Contemporary Media Effects Theories
Evaluating Research on Media Effects
Cultural Approaches to Media Research
Early Developments in Cultural Studies Research
GLOBAL VILLAGE International Media Research
Conducting Cultural Studies Research
EXAMINING ETHICS Our Masculinity Problem
Cultural Studies’ Theoretical Perspectives
Evaluating Cultural Studies Research
Media Research and Democracy
CHAPTER REVIEW
LaunchPad
16 Legal Controls and Freedom of Expression
The Origins of Free Expression and a Free Press
Models of Expression
The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution
Censorship as Prior Restraint
Unprotected Forms of Expression
Media Literacy and the Critical Process Who Knows the First Amendment?
CASE STUDY Is “Sexting” Pornography?
First Amendment versus Sixth Amendment
Film and the First Amendment
Social and Political Pressures on the Movies
Self-Regulation in the Movie Industry
The MPAA Ratings System
Expression in the Media: Print, Broadcast, and Online
The FCC Regulates Broadcasting
Dirty Words, Indecent Speech, and Hefty Fines
Political Broadcasts and Equal Opportunity
The Demise of the Fairness Doctrine
Bloggers and Legal Rights
Communication Policy and the Internet
EXAMINING ETHICS Is “Sexting” Pornography?
The First Amendment and Democracy
CHAPTER REVIEW
LaunchPad
Extended Case Study Can We Trust Facebook with Our Personal Data?
Step 1: Description
Step 2: Analysis
Step 3: Interpretation
Step 4: Evaluation
Step 5: Engagement
Notes
Glossary
Credits
Index
