Description
Test Bank For Protest, Activism, and Social Movements 1st Edition Kathleen Rodgers
1. Approaches to the Study of Protest, Activism, and Social Movements
– Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Social Movements
2. Politics, Law, and the State
– Social Movements and the Rise of the Modern State
– The State, Social Movements, Human Rights, and Citizenship
– Social Movements and the Law
– New Challenges to State Citizenship
– Theoretical Perspectives on States and Social Movements
3. Individuals, Networks, and Organizations
– Individuals and Social Movements
– Why Contribute to the Common Good?
– Activism, Organizations, and Social Networks
– Theoretical Perspectives on Individuals, Networks, and Social Movements
4. Framing, Emotion, and Grievances
– Collective Action Frames
– The Emotions of Activism
– Grievances
– Theoretical Perspectives on Framing, Emotions, and Grievances
5. Identity and Inequality
– What is Collective Identity?
– Identity and Inequality
– Theoretical Perspectives on Collective Identity and Social Movements
6. Strategies and Tactics
– Collective Action Repertoires and the Continuum of Tactics
– Tactics as Expressions of Beliefs
– Tactical Innovation
– Theoretical Perspectives on the Strategy and Tactics of Social Movements
7. Repression
– What is Repression?
– Forms of Repression
– Does Repression Work? The Impact of Repression on Social Movements
– The Evolution of Protest Policing
– Theoretical Perspectives on Repression and Social Movements
8. Mass Media and Digital Media
– When Are Social Movements Newsworthy?
– Media Framing and the Challenge for Social Movements
– Alternative Media
– The Internet and Social Movements
– Theoretical Perspectives on the Media and Social Movements
9. Political Consumerism
– Markets, Lifestyles, Political Consumption: Patterns and Concepts
– Forms of Political Consumerism: Boycotts versus Buycotts
– Can Political Consumerism Be Effective?
– Corporate Responses to Political Consumerism
– Theoretical Perspectives on Political Consumerism and Social Movements
10. Globalization and Social Movements
– Globalization and Social Movements
– Globalization and the Internationalization of Politics
– The Global Economy, Neoliberalism, and Social Movements
– Theoretical Perspectives on Globalization and Social Movements
Test Bank For Protest, Activism, and Social Movements 1st Edition Kathleen Rodgers
Multiple Choice Questions
1. ________ refers to the set of tactics activists use that are relevant to a historical period.
a) Political opportunity
b) Collective action repertoire
c) Protest cycle
d) Submerged network
2. Collective behaviour theories viewed social movements as ________ responses to social problems.
a) organized
b) submerged
c) irrational
d) irresponsible
3. The development of mainstream social movement theory is associated with ________.
a) the Labour movement
b) the Nazi movement
c) Clayoquot Sound
d) the Civil Rights movement
4. The theory that focuses on how movements emerge and spread is known as ________.
a) resource mobilization theory
b) mass society theory
c) relative deprivation
d) intersectionality
5. Scholars who focus on how elements of political systems can encourage or discourage the coming together of some contentious actors over others are employing ________.
a) intersectionality
b) the political process model
c) social strain analysis
d) relative deprivation theory
6. The two approaches are associated with mainstream social movement theory are ________ and ________.
a) resource mobilization theory; mass society theory
b) mass society theory; social constructionism
c) social constructionism; resource mobilization theory
d) resource mobilization theory; the political process model
7. “We are the 99 per cent” is an example of ________.
a) a collective action frame
b) a submerged network
c) “infrapolitics”
d) hegemony
8. Within the study of social movements, the “cultural turn” in the social sciences resulted in an emphasis on ________.
a) deviant behaviour
b) mobilizing structures
c) how people experience and perceive activism
d) the establishment of social movement organizations
9. As discussed in the textbook, a scholar who studies the role of emotions in social movements is working from ________ theoretical perspectives.
a) cultural
b) critical
c) neoliberal
d) counter-hegemonic
10. “Postmaterialist Values” refers to ________.
a) a cultural shift in values that took place in advanced democracies after World War II
b) the impact of increasing global economic inequality on social movements after World War II
c) the role of extremism in social movements
d) an emphasis on perceptions of ethics in social movements
11. ________ refers to how dominant groups in society engage in activities that support ideologies through which they maintain power, influence, and privilege.
a) Postmaterialism
b) Hegemony
c) Social constructionism
d) Neoliberalism
12. The examination of how identities overlap to create discrimination, injustices, and systems of oppression is referred to as ________.
a) intersectionality
b) counter-hegemony
c) neoliberalism
d) “class struggle”
13. “Submerged networks” refers to ________.
a) social movements that have fallen out of favour due to changes in values
b) the use of social media in the establishment of social movement networks
c) underground movements in non-democratic societies
d) the role of neighbourhoods, workplaces, schools, and other social arenas in building collective identities
14. The analysis of mobilizing structures, political opportunities, and collective action framing is associated with the _________ approach to social movements.
a) collective behaviour theories
b) mainstream social movement theory
c) social constructionism
d) political economy perspective
15. The sense among individuals that they belong to a movement is referred to as ________.
a) collective identity
b) collective behaviour
c) class consciousness
d) counter-hegemony
16. ________, ________, and ________ are the set of perspectives that examine and challenge relations of domination.
a) Resource mobilization; collective action framing; intersectionality
b) Political economy; hegemony; intersectionality
c) Mass society theory; intersectionality; social constructionism
d) Collective identity; neoliberalism; postmaterialist values
17. Hegemony is associated with the work of _________.
a) Jurgen Habermas
b) Ronald Inglehart
c) Karl Marx
d) Antonio Gramsci
18. Ronald Inglehart is associated with the concept of _________.
a) hegemony
b) postmaterialist values
c) social constructionism
d) collective action framing
19. The ideology that sees human well-being as most likely to emerge from an institutional framework characterized by private property rights, individual liberty, free markets, and free trade is known as _________.
a) postmaterialism
b) social constructionism
c) neoliberalism
d) relative deprivation
20. Social movement scholars refer to the institutional actors and resources, formal and informal groups, organizations, and networks available to entrepreneurs or activists as ________.
a) mobilizing structures
b) political opportunities
c) submerged networks
d) enablers
Short Answer Questions
1. What is a collective action frame? What are some examples of collective action framing?
2. What are “postmaterial values”? How are they different from “material values”?
3. What is the “cultural turn” in the social sciences? How has it influenced the study of social movements?
4. Why have collective behaviour theories fallen out of popularity?
5. What is resource mobilization theory?
6. Identify and explain the concept of “hegemony” as an analytical tool.
7. What are “submerged networks”? Why are they important?
8. What does the concept of “intersectionality” bring to the study of social movements?
9. What does Jurgen Habermas mean by the “colonization of the life world”? How, from this perspective, do scholars interpret social movements?
10. What do social movement scholars mean by “collective identity”? What role does collective identity play in social movements?
Long Answer Questions
1. What is theory? What kinds of questions do social movement theories seek to answer? Discuss specific theories and provide examples.
2. Mainstream social movement theory emerged in the 1970s and traces its roots to the 1950s. Why did scholars feel the need to develop new approaches to social movements at this time? How is mainstream social movement theory linked to the period in which it developed?
3. Three approaches to social movements are grouped together in the textbook as “critical perspectives.” What are these approaches? What do they have in common?
Answer Key
Multiple Choice Questions
1. b (p. 30)
2. c (p. 25)
3. d (p. 27)
4. a (p. 28)
5. b (p. 28)
6. d (p. 29)
7. a (p. 30)
8. c (p. 31)
9. a (p. 31)
10. a (p. 32)
11. b (p. 35)
12. a (p. 37)
13. d (p. 33)
14. b (p. 29)
15. a (p. 33)
16. b (pp. 34–37)
17. d (p. 35)
18. b (p. 32)
19. c (p. 35)
20. a (p. 29)
Short Answer Questions
1. A collective action frame (also known simply as a frame) is a “message” or way of understanding an issue, and is associated with mainstream social movement theory as well as with cultural perspectives. Collective action frames are the means by which people come to feel like they are contributing to a cause that is important and that is something they care about. Activists use frames to recruit supporters, to convince people of the “rightness” of their cause, and to motivate action. Textbook examples include corporate dominance, poverty, democracy, inequality, and the Occupy movement’s “we are the 99 per cent.” (pp. 29–31)
2. Postmaterial values are associated with Ronald Inglehart’s research into the cultural shift in values that took place in advanced democracies following World War II. Unlike material values, which are associated with job security, working conditions, and wage security, and were central to the labour movement preceding the war, postmaterial values reflect a society that has been liberated from basic material concerns to the point that people are able to focus on more a more diverse set of considerations including ideology, ethnicity, and lifestyle. (p. 32)
3. The “cultural turn” in the social sciences began in the 1980s, when scholars began to focus more than they had in the past on the role of culture in society. Its influence on social movements has been to direct attention to how people experience and perceive activism. From here, answers will vary. The cultural turn is associated with concepts including social constructionism, the study of emotions, new social movement theory (NSMT), postmaterial values (Inglehart), the “colonization of the life world” (Habermas), collective identity, and submerged networks. (pp. 30–33)
4. Collective behaviour theories have fallen out of favour because they reflected interpretations of social movements in which scholars assumed societies were comprised of a dominant culture and a state of equilibrium, and saw social movements as irrational or deviant responses to social problems. Such perspectives were influenced both by the specific attention these scholars gave to public protest and by their efforts to explain extremism seen in developments, such as the Nazi movement (pp. 25–26). Examples from the textbook include mass society theory, relative deprivation, connections to structural functionalist theories, structural and social strains, Milgram’s research on obedience to authority, and Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment.
5. Resource mobilization theory (RMT) developed in the 1970s. Now a key approach in mainstream social movement theory, it saw social movement scholars shift their focus to understanding how movements emerge and spread. Its development is associated closely with efforts to interpret the civil rights movement, and it seeks to understand what resources activists mobilize to challenge authorities. Key resources identified by RMT scholars are leadership, skills, committed people, an audience, a unifying set of ideas, money, and a physical space to conduct business. Eventually, such phenomena can lead to the establishment of dedicated social movement organizations. Students may also identify aspects of mainstream social movement theory that are linked to RMT, including mobilizing structures, political opportunities, collective action framing, protest cycles, and collective action repertoires. (p. 28)
6. Hegemony is a political economy perspective associated with Antonio Gramsci that appears in the textbook’s “critical perspectives” section. It focuses on how elites convince people to consent to their own exploitation. Gramsci argues that the key to the capacity of dominant groups to maintain power, influence, and privilege is through participation in activities that support ideologies that maintain their position. This perspective underscores the importance of consent, rather than coercion, as the means by which dominant groups maintain power over subordinate groups or the subaltern in society. Students may point to examples of ideologies that sustain inequalities from the textbook including transnational corporations, international institutions, states, racism, patriarchy, or colonialism, and may also point to counter-hegemonic ideas including feminist, anti-colonial, and anti-racism perspectives through which the subaltern challenges hegemony and transforms cultural meanings. (pp. 35–37)
7. Submerged networks are loosely connected networks of people that may exist in neighbourhoods, workplaces, schools, and other social arenas. They are important because they are the networks through which collective identities are built. Scholars who study submerged networks observe that while formal organizations contribute to activism in important ways, it is these less formal networks, which are present in everyday life, that may become activated and lead to the establishment of formal social movement organizations. (p. 33)
8. The concept of intersectionality brings to the study of social movements an understanding of how identities such as gender, age, race, class, ability, and sexual orientation overlap to create discrimination, injustices, and systems of oppression. Intersectionality highlights both how social movements bring together individuals with different identities and how social movements themselves reflect processes of marginalization based on those identities. A prime example of the latter can be seen in the problematization by black feminists of North American feminist movements for privileging the experiences and interests of white women. Intersectionality can also be linked to frame analysis, in that it brings a greater level of complexity to the interpretation of frames. (p. 37)
9. Habermas’ phrase “colonization of the live world” refers to how new social movements reflect ordinary citizens’ concern that they are being manipulated by the state and by markets that are constantly intruding in their lives. From this perspective, scholars view social movements as defensive mechanisms through which people defend their autonomy and individual identity. This perspective shares similarities with Inglehart’s postmaterialist values, in that it is associated broadly with culture and with a new political landscape that is connected to issues such as quality of life and identity. (pp. 32–33)
10. Collective identity refers to the process by which individuals develop a sense that they belong to a movement through which they share a common identity established through a set of experiences and values that differentiates them from other groups. Collective identity is important because it creates the cohesion that is the necessary feature for a social movement; it establishes the shared sense of identity on which movements are based, and that attracts participants who may share similar values. (p. 33)
Long Answer Questions
1. Answers will vary and will be based on general materials on p. 24 as well as specific materials throughout the chapter. In general, theory can be thought of as maps through which scholars chart “why the world is the way it is” in order to move us from description to explanation, understanding, and action. Another helpful approach is to think of theories as “lenses” that shape the questions that we ask and that offer particular ways of viewing the world. Theories are also subject to change relative to changing social and political contexts and to new research findings.
Social movement theories seek specifically to understand how and why social movements occur. Answers should reflect on the chapter’s various sections (collective behaviour theories; mainstream social movement theory; cultural perspectives; critical perspectives) in order to observe the multiple ways in which scholars have gone about this work.
2. Answers will vary but will be based primarily on materials on pp. 27–30. Key materials include the degree to which the development of mainstream social movement theory reflected efforts to understand the civil rights movement, the successes of which inspired a wave of global movements including anti-Apartheid, anti-war, student, feminist, and environmental movements. Scholars seeking to understand these movements began to shift the discussion of social movements away from understanding people’s concerns in favour of seeking to explain how movements occur.
Key concepts to address include resource mobilization theory, with its focus on understanding the resources activists mobilize to challenge authorities; the political process model and its emphasis on how elements of political systems can alternately encourage or discourage the coming together of some contentious actors over others; and five common interpretive tools / concepts: mobilizing structures, political opportunities, collective action framing; protest cycles; and collective action repertoires.
Students may also draw from material on collective behaviour theories (pp. 25–26) in order to highlight changes to the study of social movements, including the shift from concerns connected to authority and extremism during the first half of the twentieth century to the broader array of social movement activity that appeared following World War II. From this angle, social movement theory can be seen to have abandoned a previous understanding of social movements as irrational aberrations to one that recognizes them as rational, commonplace social phenomena.
3. Answers will vary and will be based on materials located primarily on pp. 34–37. “Critical Perspectives” brings together political economy, hegemony, and intersectionality, which have in common two things: the objective to explain and to challenge relations of domination, exploitation, and oppression, and which locate social movements within the context of broad social and economic configurations. Responses should explain each of these approaches in brief and should be able to note the unique and important aspects of each.
For example:
• the focus on class, capitalism, neoliberalism, and inequality in the political economy approach;
• the ways in which hegemony draws attention to consent rather than coercion as the means by which dominant groups maintain power;
• the ways in which intersectionality highlights how identities overlap in complex ways to create discrimination, injustices, and oppression to which social movements respond, but also in ways that point to patterns of marginalization within social movements.
