Description
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface viii
Acknowledgements ix
1 Nutrition: Food for Health 1
Case Study 1
1.1 Nutrition and the Canadian Diet 2
1.2 Food Provides Nutrients 6
1.3 Food Choices for a Healthy Diet 12
1.4 Understanding Science Helps Us Understand Nutrition 17
1.5 Nutrition Research 22
1.6 Sorting Out Nutrition Information 35
Case Study Outcome / Applications / Summary / References
2 Nutrition Guidelines: Applying the Science of Nutrition 43
2.1 Nutrition Recommendations for the Canadian Diet 44
2.2 Dietary Reference Intakes 46
2.3 Canada’s Food Guide 2019 53
2.4 Other Food Guides and Dietary Patterns 60
2.5 Food and Natural Health Product Labels 62
2.6 Assessing Nutritional Health 77
Case Study Outcome / Applications / Summary / References
3 Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism 91
Case Study 91
3.1 Food Becomes Us 92
3.2 An Overview of the Digestive System 94
3.3 Digestion and Absorption 98
3.4 Digestion and Health 109
3.5 Transporting Nutrients to Body Cells 118
3.6 Metabolism of Nutrients: An Overview 123
3.7 Elimination of Metabolic Wastes 125
Case Study Outcome / Applications / Summary / References
4 Carbohydrates: Sugars, Starches, and Fibre 131
Case Study 131
4.1 Carbohydrates in the Canadian Diet 132
4.2 The Chemistry of Carbohydrates 137
4.3 Carbohydrates in the Digestive Tract 142
4.4 Carbohydrates in the Body 147
4.5 Blood-Glucose Regulation, Diabetes and Hypoglycemia 151
4.6 Carbohydrates and Health 162
4.7 Meeting Carbohydrate Recommendations 167
Case Study Outcome / Applications / Summary / References
Focus On 1 Beyond the Basics: Meal Planning for Healthy Eating, Diabetes Prevention and Management 183
Case Study: Samantha and Robert 183
F1.1 Using Beyond the Basics 183
Case Study Outcome
5 Lipids 191
Case Study 191
5.1 Fat in the Canadian Diet 192
5.2 Types of Lipid Molecules 195
5.3 Lipids in the Digestive Tract 203
5.4 Lipid Transport in the Body 204
5.5 Lipid Functions in the Body 207
5.6 Lipids and Health 213
5.7 Meeting Recommendations for Fat Intake 224
Case Study Outcome / Applications / Summary / References
Focus On 2 Alcohol 238
F2.1 What’s in Alcoholic Beverages? 238
F2.2 Absorption, Transport, and Excretion of Alcohol 239
F2.3 Alcohol Metabolism 241
F2.4 Adverse Effects of Alcohol Consumption 242
F2.5 Benefits of Alcohol Consumption 246
F2.6 Balancing the Risks and Benefits of Alcohol 247
References
6 Proteins and Amino Acids 250
Case Study 250
6.1 Protein in the Canadian Diet 251
6.2 Protein Molecules 253
6.3 Protein in the Digestive Tract 257
6.4 Protein in the Body 259
6.5 Protein, Amino Acids, and Health 267
6.6 Meeting Protein Needs 273
6.7 Meeting Needs with a Vegetarian Diet 283
Case Study Outcome / Applications / Summary / References
7 Energy Balance and Weight Management 291
Case Study 291
7.1 The Obesity Epidemic 292
7.2 Exploring Energy Balance 294
7.3 Estimating Energy Needs 302
7.4 Body Weight and Health 306
7.5 Guidelines for a Healthy Body Weight 308
7.6 Regulation of Energy Balance 314
7.7 Why Are Canadians Getting Heavier?: Genes versus Lifestyle 320
7.8 Achieving and Maintaining a Healthy Body Weight 323
7.9 Diets, Diets, Everywhere 329
7.10 Weight-loss Drugs and Surgery 336
Case Study Outcome / Applications / Summary / References
Focus On 3 Obesity, Metabolism, and Disease Risk 347
Introduction 347
F3.1 Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes 347
F3.2 Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease 350
F3.3 Obesity and Cancer 352
F3.4 Obesity and Other Diseases 354
References
8 The Water-Soluble Vitamins 357
Case Study 358
8.1 What Are Vitamins? 358
8.2 Thiamin 366
8.3 Riboflavin 370
8.4 Niacin 373
8.5 Biotin 377
8.6 Pantothenic Acid 378
8.7 Vitamin B6 380
8.8 Folate or Folic Acid 385
8.9 Vitamin B12 394
8.10 Vitamin C 398
8.11 Choline 405
Case Study Outcome / Applications / Summary / References
9 The Fat-Soluble Vitamins 411
Case Study 411
9.1 Fat-Soluble Vitamins in the Canadian Diet 412
9.2 Vitamin A 412
9.3 Vitamin D 424
9.4 Vitamin E 431
9.5 Vitamin K 436
Case Study Outcome / Applications / Summary / References
Focus On 4 Phytochemicals 443
Introduction 443
F4.1 Phytochemicals in the Canadian Diet 444
F4.2 Choosing a Phytochemical-rich Diet 447
References
10 Water and the Electrolytes 450
Case Study 450
10.1 Water: The Internal Sea 451
10.2 Electrolytes: Salts of the Internal Sea 461
10.3 Hypertension 469
Case Study Outcome / Applications / Summary / References
11 Major Minerals and Bone Health 483
Case Study 483
11.1 What Are Minerals? 484
11.2 Calcium 488
11.3 Calcium and Bone Health 496
11.4 Phosphorus 506
11.5 Magnesium 509
11.6 Sulfur 512
Case Study Outcome / Applications / Summary / References
Focus On 5 Natural Health Products 516
Introduction 516
F5.1 What is a Natural Health Product? 517
F5.2 Macronutrient Supplements 519
F5.3 Substances Made in the Body 520
F5.4 Phytochemical Supplements 522
F5.5 Herbal Supplements 523
References
12 The Trace Elements 529
Case Study 530
12.1 Trace Elements in the Canadian Diet 530
12.2 Iron (Fe) 531
12.3 Zinc (Zn) 543
12.4 Copper (Cu) 548
12.5 Manganese (Mn) 551
12.6 Selenium (Se) 552
12.7 Iodine (I) 555
12.8 Chromium (Cr) 560
12.9 Fluoride (F) 562
12.10 Molybdenum (Mo) 565
12.11 Other Trace Elements 566
Case Study Outcome / Applications / Summary / References
Focus On 6 Integrating Nutrient Function in the Body 572
Introduction 572
F6.1 Nutrient Function at the Cellular Level 572
F6.2 Nutrient Function in Organ Systems 577
References
13 Nutrition and Physical Activity 582
Case Study 582
13.1 Exercise, Fitness, and Health 583
13.2 Exercise Recommendations 588
13.3 Fuelling Exercise 595
13.4 Energy and Nutrient Needs for Physical Activity 602
13.5 Fluid Needs for Physical Activity 607
13.6 Food and Drink to Maximize Performance 612
13.7 Ergogenic Aids: Do Supplements Enhance Athletic Performance? 616
Case Study Outcome / Applications / Summary / References
14 Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation 629
Case Study 629
14.1 The Physiology of Pregnancy 630
14.2 The Nutritional Needs of Pregnancy 639
14.3 Factors That Increase the Risks of Pregnancy 648
14.4 Lactation 656
14.5 The Nutritional Needs of Infancy 659
14.6 Feeding the Newborn 664
Case Study Outcome / Applications / Summary / References
15 Nutrition from Infancy to Adolescence 677
Case Study 677
15.1 Starting Right for a Healthy Life 678
15.2 Nourishing Infants, Toddlers, and Young Children 681
15.3 Nutrition and Health Concerns in Children 695
15.4 Adolescents 706
15.5 Special Concerns of Teenagers 711
Case Study Outcome / Applications / Summary / References
Focus On 7 Eating Disorders 720
Introduction 720
F7.1 What Are Eating Disorders? 721
F7.2 What Causes Eating Disorders? 723
F7.3 Anorexia Nervosa 726
F7.4 Bulimia Nervosa 728
F7.5 Binge-eating Disorder 731
F7.6 Eating Disorders in Special Groups 732
F7.7 Preventing and Getting Treatment for Eating Disorders 736
References
16 Nutrition and Aging: The Adult Years 741
Case Study 741
16.1 What is Aging? 742
16.2 What Causes Aging? 745
16.3 Nutritional Needs and Concerns of Older Adults 747
16.4 Factors That Increase the Risk of Malnutrition 752
16.5 Keeping Older Adults Healthy 761
Case Study Outcome / Applications / Summary / References
17 Food Safety 773
Case Study 773
17.1 How Can Food Make Us Sick? 774
17.2 Keeping Food Safe 776
17.3 Pathogens in Food 781
17.4 Chemical Contaminants in Food 793
17.5 Food Technology 799
Case Study Outcome / Applications / Summary / References
Focus On 8 Biotechnology 811
Introduction 811
F8.1 How Does Biotechnology Work? 812
F8.2 Applications of Modern Biotechnology 817
F8.3 Safety and Regulation of Genetically Modified Foods 821
References
18 World Hunger and Malnutrition 827
Case Study 827
18.1 The Two Faces of Malnutrition 828
18.2 The Cycle of Malnutrition 830
18.3 Causes of Undernutrition 833
18.4 Eliminating Malnutrition 840
18.5 Hunger at Home 848
Case Study Outcome / Applications / Summary / References
Appendix A Additional DRI Tables A-2
Appendix B Standards for Body Size A-4
Appendix C Normal Blood Values of Nutritional Relevance A-5
Appendix D Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide rom 2007 to 2019 A-7
Appendix E Calculations and Conversions A-16
Appendix F World Health Organization Nutrition Recommendations A-17
Appendix G U.S. Nutrition Recommendations A-18
Appendix H Energy Expenditure for Various Activities A-20
Appendix I Chemistry, Metabolism, and Structures A-22
Appendix J Critical Thinking Answers A-44
Glossary / Index
